Lesson 2 of 25
Zijn and hebben: the foundation
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Zijn en hebben: de basis

Zijn and hebben: the foundation

The verbs zijn (to be) and hebben (to have) are the foundation of Dutch grammar. Assessors for the writing exam track your conjugation of these two verbs closely. Making systematic errors with them results in direct deductions on your grammar score.

Here is a quick reminder of the correct conjugations:

PronounZijnHebben
ikbenheb
jijbenthebt
hij / zij / hetisheeft
ubenthebt
wijzijnhebben
julliezijnhebben
zij (plural)zijnhebben

Age uses 'zijn', not 'hebben' In many languages, you "have" years. In Dutch, you "are" your years. Writing Ik heb 30 jaar on an introductory form is a classic error that tells the assessor you have not mastered A2 Dutch. Always use zijn for age: Ik ben 30 jaar.

Feelings, hunger, and thirst Dutch splits physical sensations and emotions between these two verbs. The split is tested often. Physical needs use hebben: honger (hunger), dorst (thirst), and slaap (sleepiness).

  • Ik heb honger. (I am hungry.)
  • Hij heeft dorst. (He is thirsty.)

Emotions and conditions use zijn: blij (happy), boos (angry), ziek (sick), and moe (tired).

  • Ik ben blij. (I am happy.)
  • Zij is moe. (She is tired.)

Singular vs. plural 'zij' The pronoun zij (and its short form ze) means both "she" and "they". On the speaking and KNM exams, you will frequently see photos of groups of people. If you describe a group using Zij is (She is) instead of Zij zijn (They are), you will lose points for grammatical accuracy.

  • Singular (one woman): Zij is op het werk.
  • Plural (a group): Zij zijn op het werk.

Never 'wij ben' or 'wij heeft' Never use the singular form for the plural wij (we). Writing wij ben or wij heeft is a typical beginner mix-up. Always use the full plural form: wij zijn or wij hebben.

Key rule· 1 of 3
Age always uses 'zijn'

Never use the verb 'hebben' to state your age in Dutch. You 'are' your years.

Ik ben 30 jaar.I am 30 years old.
Haar zoon is zes jaar oud.Her son is six years old.
Physical needs vs. Emotions

Use 'hebben' for hunger, thirst, and sleep. Use 'zijn' for emotions and being tired or sick.

Hij heeft honger en dorst.He is hungry and thirsty.
Zij is ziek en moe.She is sick and tired.
Distinguishing 'zij is' and 'zij zijn'

Because 'zij' means both 'she' and 'they', the verb conjugation is the only way to show whether you mean one person or multiple people.

Zij is thuis.She is at home.
Zij zijn thuis.They are at home.

Practice questions

Type the missing word
Type the missing word
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